Bibliographies

Silhouette, Étienne de (1709-1767)

*Étienne de Silhouette, controller-general of France, was born at Limoges on the 5th of July 1709. He travelled extensively while still a young man and drew attention to himself by the publication of English translations, historical writings, and studies on the financial system of England. Successively councillor to the parlement of Metz, secretary to the duke of Orleans, member of the commission on delimitation of Franco-British interests in Acadia (1749), and royal commissioner in the Indies Company, he was named controller-general through the influence of the marquise de Pompadour on the 4th of March 1759. The court at first reposed a blind confidence in him, but soon perceived not only that he was not a financier but also that he was bent on attacking privilege by levying a land-tax on the estates of the nobles and by reducing the pensions. A storm of opposition gathered and broke: a thousand cartoons and jokes were directed against the unfortunate minister who seemed to be resorting to one financial embarrassment in order to escape another; and in allusion to the sacrifices which he demanded of the nobles, even the conversion of their table plate into money, silhouette became the popular word for a figure reduced to simplest form. The word was eventually (1835) admitted to the dictionary by the French academy. Silhouette was forced out of the ministry on the 21st of November 1759 and withdrew to Brie-sur-Marne, where during the remainder of his life he sought refuge from scorn and sarcasm in religious devotion. He died on the 20th of January 1767.
** Silhouette left several translations from the English and the Spanish, accounts of travel, and dull historical and philosophical writings, a list of which is given in Querard, "France litteraire", ix. 138. A "Testament politique", published under his name in 1772, is apocryphal. See J. P. Clement and A. Lemoine, "M. de Silhouette" (Paris, 1872).
(Source: http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/eb11/silhouette.html)

**Étienne de Silhouette was born at Limoges. After travelling in Europe, he settled in London for a year. On returning to Paris, he translated some English works, which made his name known, and, becoming attached to the household of Marshal Nivelles, was appointed Secretary to the Duc d'Orleans, who in a short time made him his Chancellor. Silhouette preached economy, and a section of thinking men gathered round him, seeing in him the controller who would straighten out the finances of the State. A party headed by the Prince de Conde opposed him, on the ground that he had committed a crime by translating English books into French. Silhouette, however, possessed the powerful influence of Madame de Pompadour, and was, through her, elected Controleur-Général in 1757. Silhouette proposed a novel system of banking. This led to the unpopularity which centrally brought about his downfall. He was forced to resign after a term of office lasting eight months, and on retiring he spent his time in regulating his estate on economical lines, and in silhouette cutting at Brie sur Marne. ** TRANSLATIONS: "Essai sur la critique" and "Essai sur l'homme" by Pope, "Dissertation sur les partis" by Bolingbroke and "Réflexion sur les plus grands princes" by the Spanish Jesuit Graciàn.